Zen Buddhism and Hare Krishna Movement in America: A Comparative Analysis of both Traditions in Innovation and Change

Abstract

This paper explores the intersection of community, ritual, and ethics within the Hare Krishna movement (ISKCON) and Zen Buddhism, two Eastern traditions that gained prominence in the West through key scholars—Swami Prabhupada for ISKCON and D. T. Suzuki Zen. Both scholars adapted their teachings to resonate with Western audiences, shaping their movements in distinct ways. Using Frank Whaling’s theoretical framework, which includes community, rituals, ethics, social and political contexts, doctrines, scriptures, aesthetics, and spirituality, this study provides a comparative analysis of how these traditions propagate their beliefs. ISKCON, founded by Prabhupada in 1966, emphasizes community as vital to spiritual growth, with initiatives like the Food for Life program fostering unity and service. In contrast, Zen, as promoted by Suzuki, prioritizes individual spiritual exploration, especially through seated meditation (zazen), while minimizing communal rituals. Rituals in ISKCON strengthen devotion and community ties, while Zen’s focus remains on philosophical inquiry. Ethically, ISKCON draws on the Bhagavad Gita, advocating devotion and compassion, whereas Zen follows the Five Precepts and the Noble Eightfold Path, emphasizing personal responsibility. Politically, ISKCON discourages political involvement, instead emphasizing spiritual service, while Zen, although historically neutral, has occasionally engaged with societal needs, particularly in Japan. Suzuki helped reconcile traditional Zen teachings with modern ideals, fostering a harmonious relationship between religion and state. This paper underscores the dynamic roles of community, ritual, and ethics in shaping ISKCON and Zen Buddhism, highlighting their distinct practices and shared spiritual goals.